{"id":5463,"date":"2026-04-07T17:55:23","date_gmt":"2026-04-07T12:55:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/donishnoma.tj\/?content_id=5463"},"modified":"2026-04-07T17:55:24","modified_gmt":"2026-04-07T12:55:24","slug":"aluminium","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/donishnoma.tj\/?c_id=5463&lang=en","title":{"rendered":"Aluminium"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Aluminium<\/strong> (from alumen<\/em>, meaning alum) is the chemical element Al<\/strong>, belonging to Group III<\/strong> of the Mendeleev periodic table.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Its atomic number is 13<\/strong>, and its atomic mass is 26.9815<\/strong>. In nature, aluminium occurs mainly as the stable isotope \u00b2\u2077Al<\/strong>. It also has several radioactive isotopes produced artificially, the longest-lived of which is \u00b2\u2076Al<\/strong>, with a half-life of 740,000 years<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aluminium is a silvery-white metal<\/strong> and a good conductor of electricity. Its melting point is 660.4\u00b0C<\/strong>, its boiling point is 2500\u00b0C<\/strong>, and its density is 2700 kg\/m\u00b3<\/strong> at 20\u00b0C<\/strong>. Pure aluminium was first obtained in 1825<\/strong> by the Danish scientist Hans Christian \u00d8rsted<\/strong>. It does not occur in nature in its pure form. In combined form, aluminium makes up about 8.8 percent of the Earth\u2019s crust by mass<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Its most important natural compounds, especially aluminosilicates<\/strong>, include kaolin, albite, anorthite, orthoclase, biotite, muscovite, corundum<\/strong> (aluminium oxide), and bauxite<\/strong>. Major aluminium deposits are found in Hungary, France, Italy, the United States<\/strong>, and the CIS countries<\/strong>. In Tajikistan, aluminium reserves occur in the form of bauxite<\/strong> in Romit<\/strong> and Qarato\u0493<\/strong>, and as syenite<\/strong> in the Rasht mountain region<\/strong>. The nepheline syenites of the Yasmand Valley<\/strong> may also be used as raw material for aluminium production.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In industry, including at the State Unitary Enterprise Tajik Aluminium Company (TALCO)<\/strong>, aluminium is produced by the electrolysis of aluminium oxide<\/strong> (Al\u2082O\u2083<\/strong>), technically known as alumina<\/strong>, in molten cryolite<\/strong> (Na\u2083AlF\u2086<\/strong>) at about 950\u00b0C<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aluminium is a highly reactive metal<\/strong>. For this reason, it readily oxidizes in air and becomes coated with a protective layer of aluminium oxide. This oxide film protects it from corrosion and from the action of various substances such as water vapor<\/strong> and carbon dioxide<\/strong> in the atmosphere. In its compounds, aluminium is generally trivalent<\/strong>. If the oxide film is removed, aluminium reacts with water, releasing hydrogen<\/strong>. Its hydrogen compounds, or hydrides<\/strong>, are reactive and are used in chemical synthesis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As an amphoteric element<\/strong>, aluminium reacts with both acids<\/strong> and alkalis<\/strong>. It dissolves well in dilute acids such as hydrochloric acid<\/strong>. However, the protective oxide film prevents it from dissolving in oxygen-containing acids such as nitric acid<\/strong>. Aluminium also dissolves in alkalis, forming aluminates<\/strong>. In the process of aluminothermy<\/strong>, aluminium reduces a number of metals and nonmetals from their oxides while releasing a large amount of heat, sometimes reaching 3500\u00b0C<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aluminium compounds are widely used in industry<\/strong> and agriculture<\/strong>. Large amounts of aluminium are used in the production of alloys<\/strong>. Among the most important are duralumin<\/strong> and silumin<\/strong>. Aluminium and its alloys are used in the manufacture of aircraft, rockets, ships, chemical equipment, electrical wires, capacitors, radios, televisions, household utensils, doors, and windows<\/strong>. Thin aluminium sheets are widely used in the food<\/strong> and pharmaceutical<\/strong> industries as packaging material.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Powdered aluminium oxide, known as alumogel<\/strong>, is hygroscopic and is used for drying gases<\/strong> and purifying sugar solutions<\/strong>. Aluminium sulfate<\/strong> is used in water treatment<\/strong>. Aluminium alums<\/strong> are applied in leather tanning<\/strong> and textile dyeing<\/strong>. Aluminium phosphide<\/strong> (AlP<\/strong>) is used in food storage facilities to eliminate mice and rats<\/strong>. Aluminium carbide<\/strong> (Al\u2084C\u2083<\/strong>) decomposes water with the release of methane gas<\/strong>. Adding a certain amount of aluminium to steel<\/strong> increases its resistance to high temperatures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As a component of aluminosilicates<\/strong>, aluminium is one of the important elements involved in soil formation<\/strong>. It is also present in the tissues and intercellular fluids of plants<\/strong> and animals<\/strong>. In soil and in the human body, aluminium can form compounds with phosphate ions<\/strong> that are only slightly soluble, such as variscite<\/strong> (Al(OH)\u2082H\u2082PO\u2084<\/strong>), which may interfere with the absorption of phosphorus. A person consumes about 40 mg of aluminium per day<\/strong> through food.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Research on the production of pure aluminium<\/strong> and its alloys<\/strong> is being carried out at the Institute of Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan<\/strong>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Aluminium (from alumen, meaning alum) is the chemical element Al, belonging to Group III of the Mendeleev periodic table. Its atomic number is 13, and…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4970,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"content_category":[418],"content_letter":[346],"content_tag":[],"class_list":["post-5463","content","type-content","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","content_category-chemistry","content_letter-a"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/donishnoma.tj\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/content\/5463","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/donishnoma.tj\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/donishnoma.tj\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/content"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/donishnoma.tj\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/donishnoma.tj\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5463"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/donishnoma.tj\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/content\/5463\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5464,"href":"https:\/\/donishnoma.tj\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/content\/5463\/revisions\/5464"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/donishnoma.tj\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/4970"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/donishnoma.tj\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5463"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"content_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/donishnoma.tj\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcontent_category&post=5463"},{"taxonomy":"content_letter","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/donishnoma.tj\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcontent_letter&post=5463"},{"taxonomy":"content_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/donishnoma.tj\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcontent_tag&post=5463"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}